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Title : Junk DNA Is Not Junk After All
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Junk DNA Is Not Junk After All

by Jordan
Science Spirit

Among the many mysteries of human biology is why complex diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure and psychiatric disorders they are so difficult to predict and often treat. An equally perplexing puzzle is why an individual to create a disease like cancer or depression, while an identical twin remains perfectly healthy.

Now scientists have discovered a key clue to unravel these puzzles. The human genome is filled with at least four million gene switches that reside in bits of DNA that were previously described as "junk", but get to play a critical role in controlling how cells, organs and other tissues behave. The discovery, considered a major medical and scientific breakthrough, has enormous implications for human health because many complex diseases appear to be caused by small changes in hundreds of gene switches.

The results, they are the fruit of a federal project huge participation of 440 scientists from 32 laboratories around the world will have immediate applications for understanding how alterations in the non-genetic parts of DNA contribute to human diseases, which in turn can lead new drugs. They can also help explain how the environment can affect the risk of disease. In the case of identical twins, small changes in environmental exposure can slightly alter gene switches, with the result that one of the twins to create a disease and the other does not.


as scientists delved into the "junk" - parts of the DNA that are not true genes contain instructions for proteins - they discovered a complex system that controls the genes. At least 80 percent of this DNA is active and necessary. The result is a work sheet path you recorded much of this DNA, noting what you are doing and how. Includes switching system, acting as voltage regulators for lights, control genes used in a cell and when used, and determine, for example, if a cell becomes a liver cell or a neuron.

"Google's maps," said Eric Lander, president of the Broad Institute, a joint research from Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology effort. By contrast, the predecessor of the project, the the Human Genome Project , which determined the entire sequence of human DNA, "was like having a picture of the Earth from space," he said. "It tells you where the roads are, that does not tell you what traffic is like what time of day, that does not tell you where the good restaurants are, or hospitals or cities or rivers."

the new result "is an awesome resource," said Dr. Lander, who was not involved in the research that produced it, but it was a leader in the Human Genome Project. "My head explodes in the amount of data."


The findings were published Wednesday in six articles in the journal Nature and 24 papers in Genome Research and Genome Biology. In addition, the Journal of Biological Chemistry is publishing six review articles, and Science published another article.

Human DNA is "much more active than we expected, and there are many more things happening than we expected, "said Ewan Birney of the European-Institute European Bioinformatics Molecular Biology, principal investigator on the project.

Laboratory in one of the Nature papers, researchers link the gene switches for a wide range of human diseases - multiple sclerosis, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, celiac disease - and even to traits like height. In large studies over the last decade, scientists found that minor changes in human DNA sequences increase the risk that a person will get those diseases. But these changes were in the trash, now often known as dark matter - no changes were found in the genes - and its meaning is unclear. The new analysis reveals that a large part of those changes alter gene switches and are highly significant

"Most of the changes affecting the disease are not in the genes themselves;. That are in the switches, "said Michael Snyder, a researcher at Stanford University for the project, called Encode, for Encyclopedia of DNA Elements.

And that, said Dr. Bradley Bernstein, a researcher Encode in the General Hospital Massachusetts, "is a very big deal." He added: "I do not think anyone predicted would be the case."

The findings could also reveal what genetic changes are important in cancer, and why. As began determining the DNA sequences of cancer cells, researchers realized that most of the thousands of changes in DNA in cancer cells were not in genes; . They were in the dark matter

Here's more on the functions of DNA, DNA activation, and the role it plays in our health and spiritual development:



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