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Title : Some Birds May Be As Clever As Apes Despite Having Tiny Brains
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Some Birds May Be As Clever As Apes Despite Having Tiny Brains

id = " bird brains might not be as useless as its insignificant size suggests, and they may even contain structures that enable them to perform complex cognitive tasks normally associated with the mammalian brain. This being the case, the authors of a new study in the journal Trends in Cognitive Science argue that certain mental abilities of high level can not depend on the size or structure of the brain, but the type of connectivity. In mammalian brains, an area known as the cortex prefrontal (PFC) controls the functions executive, such as working memory, reasoning and the ability to empathize with others. Covering most of the forebrain, the PFC is arranged in six layers - known as sheets -. Each of which contains a different type of neuronal cell and a particular pattern of connectivity Therefore, the presence of this particular structure, has been identified as an essential precursor to advanced cognitive capacities possessed only by mammals. However, numerous studies over the past decades have indicated that some birds may actually have mental par with certain species of primates skills. In one of these studies, an African gray parrot named Alex he learned to label objects and communication skills used to solve a series of cognitive tasks. Other experiments have shown that crows used cunning to try to deceive others, to compete for food, tactics while magpies and jackdraws seem to recognize themselves in a mirror, It is indicating a level of self-awareness. In light of this evidence, the authors of the new study suggests that the brains of birds should contain an equivalent to the PFC, which coordinates executive function still occupies a much smaller than the mammalian cortex volume. The review of the literature on avian neuroanatomy gathered over several decades, which try to explain as "birds with small brains, not cortical 5 to 20 grams can show identical capabilities apes with large shells and brain weights between 275 and 500 grams. " African gray parrots are famous for their communication skills. FrameAngel / Shutterstock start with the work of Harvey Karten , which showed in the 1960s that, although the brains of mammals and birds differ in its structure, which actually contain many of the same types of neurons and connectivity patterns. Future studies then showed that neurons in a brain region called the avian nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL) connect with each other in a very similar to neurons in the mammalian PFC way. For example, NCL has been shown to be filled with liberating fibers dopamine , which delay the transmission of signals in order to store information during working memory tasks, exactly the same so that the neurons in the monkey PFCs do. Other studies have indicated that injuries NCL seriously disturb birds "decision, the crawl rule, the encoding of subjective values, and the association of the results of the action." As such, the researchers say the NCL is the avian equivalent of the PFC. Surprisingly, however, these structures are totally different in both its location in the brain and in the way. For example, the NCL does not contain sheets, seemingly debunking the notion that the layered structure of the PFC is necessary for the development of advanced cognitive abilities. Instead, the type of connectivity between neurons may be a more reliable source of mental fitness. Moreover, because the storylines of birds and mammals separated about 300 million years ago, researchers suggest that it is likely that they did both inherit this connectivity from a common ancestor, but they evolved to take possession of it, independently of one another. As such, claim that "the NCL and PFC possibly represent a spectacular case of evolutionary convergence," which refers to the process by which unrelated species develop the same evolutionary traits.

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