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Title : Tetanus Causes, Symptoms And Preventions
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Tetanus Causes, Symptoms And Preventions

TETANUS

Tetanus is very common problem among many of us. It
is an cute, often-fatal disease of the nervous system that is caused by nerve
toxin produced by the bacterium clostridium tetanus. This bacteria is being
found very commonly around the world specially in soil and in animal and human
intestines.

Causes:-

Mostly all cases occur in people who have never been
vaccinated or adults who never been vaccinated or adults who haven’t kept up
their 10-year booster shots.

Risk
factors:-

Following reasons generally increases the risk of
tetanus:

·
Failure to get vaccinated or to keep up
to date with booster shots against tetanus.

·
An injury that lets spores into the
wound.

·
Any foreign body like nail or splinter.

Mainly
it is caused by :

·
Puncture wounds-this includes splinters,
body piercing, tattoos, injection drugs.

·
It also includes gunshot wounds

·
Compound fractures can also be the one
of the cause

·
Burns are also responsible for tetanus

·
Drugs used in injection

·
It may also be caused by animal or
insect bites

·
Foot ulcers are also one of the general
cause of tetanus

·
Dental infection has also been recorded
as one of the cause of tetanus

Complications:-

Tetanus should not be taken lightly. Proper
treatment must be taken for it. If there will be lack of care then it will
produce complications for us. Complication of tetanus infection may include:-

·
Broken bones:- tetanus can cause the
breakage of bones. The severity of spasms may cause the spine and other bones
to break.

·
Blockage of lung artery:- if a blood cot
persists in our body then it will travel through our body. It can block the
main artery of the lung or one of its branch.

·
Death:- severe tetanus can interfere
with or stop our breathing. If it will interfere our breathing then there will
be lack of oxygen and it may cause death.

Symptoms:-

Some of the signs and symptoms of tetanus are as
follows:

·
Spasms and stiffness in jaw muscle is
one of the major symptom of tetanus.

·
It includes stiffness of neck muscles.

·
It will create difficulty in swallowing.

·
There will be stiffness in abdominal
muscles.

·
Fever may also persists.

·
Sweating is also a sign of tetanus.

·
Elevated blood pressure and rapid heart
rate also warn us of the tetanus.

Prevention:-

·
Nursing
care:- improved nursing care techniques have contributed
more than any other single measure to reduce the mortality significantly.

·
Nutrition:-
caloric expenditure are high in tetanus. But we should not take more than 2500
calories and 70 g protein by nasogastric feeding may provoke diarrhea.

·
Wound
debridement:- wound must be cleaned to avoid the
anaerobic environment of the wound.

·
Antibiotics:-
there are many antibiotics that can prevent tetanus like penicillin is the drug
of choice in doses of 10-12 million units i.v. daily for 10 days or benzathine
penicillin 2.4*10⁶ units provides bactericidal concentrations for a
period of 5 days.

·
Antitoxin:-
human tetanus immunoglobulin (TIG) should be given IM in doses of 3000-6000 IU
in divided doses, although 500 IU is considered sufficient as optimal dose is
not known.

·
Vaccine:-
patients who recover from tetanus do not generate antitoxin in the blood and it
is, therefore, necessary to initiate active immunisation before discharging
from the hospital.

·
Maintain
proper hydration and adequate fluid balance and vitamins
supplementation.

·
We must take care of our bowel,
bladder and skin.

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