Title : The Artificial Womb Is Born: Welcome To The WORLD Of The MATRIX
link : The Artificial Womb Is Born: Welcome To The WORLD Of The MATRIX
The Artificial Womb Is Born: Welcome To The WORLD Of The MATRIX
by Secrets of the Fed"One by one the eggs were transferred from their test tubes to the larger containers; deftly the peritoneal lining was cut, the morula dropped into place, the saline is poured... and already the bottle had passed through an opening in the wall, slowly in the living Social Predestination. "Aldous Huxley's" Brave New world "
There is an artificial matrix. In Tokyo, researchers have developed a technique called EUFI - incubation of ectopic fetus. Have been fetuses goat, catheters threaded through the large vessels in the umbilical cord and fetuses is supplied with oxygenated blood, while its suspension in incubators containing liquid artificial amniotic heated to body temperature.
Yoshinori Kuwabara, chairman of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University in Tokyo, has been working on artificial placentas for a decade. His interest arose from his clinical experience with premature babies, and as he writes in a recent review, "Needless to say that the ideal for the immature fetus situation is the growth in the normal environment of the maternal organism."
Kuwabara and his associates have kept goat fetuses in this environment of up to three weeks. But the team doctor had problems with circulatory failure, along with many other technical difficulties. Pressured to speculate about the future, Kuwabara cautiously predicts that "it should be possible to extend the length" and ultimately, "this can be applied to humans."
By a moment, looking at those fetal goats may seem like a short to the central incubator Aldous Huxley's imagination jump. In fact, in recent decades, as medicine has focused on the stages of initiation and termination of pregnancy, the essential moment in the woman's body has been reduced. We are, however, still a long way of connecting those two points, since the creation of a completely artificial gestation. But we are at a time when the fetus during the time of their applicability in the womb, is no longer inaccessible, no longer locked away from medical interventions.
The future of human reproductive medicine is along paths overspeed several different technologies. There neonatology, fulfilling his miracles in too abrupt end of gestation. Not the fetal surgery, intervening dramatically during pregnancy to avoid anomalies that kill and maim newborns. Not the technology of assisted reproduction, fertilization and gamete recovery and transfer of fireworks in vitro of the last 20 years. And then, inevitably, it is genetic. All these technologies are essentially new, and with them are ethical questions so powerful that the same inventors of these signs seem half afraid of where we have.
Between parent and Air
modern neonatology is a relatively short history: a couple of decades of medical advances and raised children born between 16 and 17 weeks before phenomenal time, babies weighing less than a pound. These babies with very low birth weight have a survival rate of 10 percent. experienced neonatologists are extremely reticent about pushing the limits farther back; Much research is now directed to the reduction of severe morbidity of these extreme preemies who survive.
"Liquid preserves the structure and lung function," says Thomas Shaffer, professor of physiology and pediatrics at the School of Medicine at Temple University. He has been working on liquid ventilation for almost 30 years. Back in the 1960s, he sought a way to use liquid ventilation to prevent decompression sickness in deep sea divers. Its technology was presented in the book "The Abyss" and for the film of the same name, Hollywood built models of devices Shaffer had imagined. As a postdoctoral student in physiology, he began working with premature babies. During pregnancy, the lungs fill up fetal lung fluid appropriate name. Perhaps, he thought, ventilate these babies with a liquid containing a large amount of oxygen would provide a smoother way, safer to take these immature lungs over the threshold into the necessary goal of air to breathe. Barotrauma, which is the damage done to the lungs forced to knock out the fan, thus reducing or eliminating air.
Today, both labyrinthine laboratories Shaffer in Philadelphia, can come through a fan pressure settings that appear surprisingly low; this machine is adjusted to pressures that could never force air into the lungs of the newborn rigid. And then there is the long cylinder bubbling in a special fluorocarbon liquid can be passed through oxygen, collect and absorb amounts of oxygen molecules. This machine fills the lungs with fluid flowing in small passages and alveoli of premature human lung.
Shaffer remember, not long ago, when many people thought the idea was crazy when his was the only team working in human lungs filling with fluid. Now, liquid ventilation is cited by many as the next important neonatologists in the treatment of premature infants step. In 1989, the first studies were conducted in humans, offering liquid ventilation for babies were not intended to have any chance of survival through conventional therapy. The results were promising and larger trials are underway. A pharmaceutical company has developed a liquid fluorocarbon has the ability to carry a large amount of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide - 100 milliliters has 50 milliliters of oxygen. By putting the fluid in the lung, Shaffer and his colleagues argue, lung sacs can be extended to a much lower pressure.
"I would not want to turn back the gestational age limit," says Shaffer. "I want to eliminate the damage." He says he believes that this technology can become the standard. In 2020, these techniques may be available in major centers. Pressed to speculate on the more distant future, a premature baby imagines in a liquid-housing and a liquid breathing intermediate stage between the matrix and the air Immersed in the liquid would remove the insensible loss of water needed unit sophisticated temperature control, a fan to take over the part of respiratory exchange, better temperature control and skin care.
the fetus as a patient
the idea that you could make surgery on a fetus was started by Michael Harrison at the University of California in San Francisco. Guided by ultrasound technology improved, he who reported in 1981 that the surgery to relieve a blockage of the urinary tract in the fetus was possible was.
"I was frustrated taking care of newborns" says N. Scott Adzick, who trained with Harrison and chief surgeon at children's Hospital of Philadelphia.
When children are born with birth defects, damage is often done to organ systems before birth ; Obstructive valves in the liquid causes urinary backup device and destroy the kidneys, or an opening in the diaphragm allows loops of bowel to move up in the chest and move to the lungs. "It's like many things in medicine," says Adzick, "if you had just gotten there earlier, could have prevented the damage. I felt it might make sense to treat certain defects that threaten life before birth."
Adzick and his team see themselves as having two patients, the mother and fetus. They are fully aware that once the fetus has attained the status of a patient, all kinds of complex dilemmas are. His work, says Lori Howell, coordinator of Children's Hospital Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, is to help families make decisions in difficult situations. Terminate a pregnancy, sometimes too late? Continue the pregnancy, knowing that the fetus is almost certain to die? Continue the pregnancy, expecting a baby to be born a very important need surgery? Or the risk of solving the problem in the uterus and allow time for normal growth and development?
The first fetal surgery at Children's Hospital took place seven months ago. Felicia Rodriguez of West Palm Beach, Fla., Was 22 weeks pregnant. Through ultrasound, the fetus was diagnosed with a congenital defect MAQ a growing mass in the chest, which compresses the fetal heart, back up circulation, causing the death of the fetus and mother and even put in congestive heart failure.
When the fetal circulation began to back up, Rodriguez traveled to Philadelphia. Surgeons make an incision caesarean section rate. They performed a hysterectomy opening the uterus quickly and without bloodshed, then opened the amniotic sac and held the arm of the fetus, exposing the relevant part of the chest. The mass was removed, the fetal chest was closed, the amniotic membranes sealed with absorbable staples and glue, closes the uterus and abdomen was sutured. And the pregnancy continued - with special monitoring and continued use of drugs to prevent premature birth. The uterus, unanesthetized, is prone to contractions. Rodriguez gave birth at 35 weeks gestation, 13 weeks after surgery, only 5 weeks before their due date. During those 13 weeks, the fetal heart normally pumps with no backup of fluid, and fetal lung tissue developed properly. Roberto Rodriguez 3d born this May, a healthy baby born to a healthy mother.
This is a new and remarkable technology. Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of California in San Francisco are the only centers that perform these operations, and less than a hundred have been made. Research fellows, residents working in these laboratories and training as the next generation of fetal surgeons, transmit their enthusiasm for their field and their guardians in everything they say. When you sit with them, it is impossible not to be dazzled by the idea of what they can already do and what they will be able to do. "When I dare to dream," says Theresa Quinn, a partner of Children's Hospital, "I think about intervening before the immune system has time to mature, allowing advances that could be used in organ transplantation to replace .? genetic deficiencies "
But what do we
eighteen years ago, in vitro fertilization was a sensational news: test tube babies! IVF is now a standard treatment, insurance dispute, another medical term instantly understood by most lay people. huge newspaper advertisements offering IVF, the egg donation programs, including the latest technique of intracytoplasmic sperm injection ICSI as alternative consumption. It used to be, for women, at least, that genetics and surrogacy were one and the same. Now you can have your own fertilized egg carried by a surrogate or, more commonly, by going through a pregnancy that carries an embryo formed from an egg of another person.
Given the strong desire to be pregnant, which leads many women to seek donor eggs and go through biological motherhood a genetic connection to the fetus, it really is very likely that any significant proportion of women would take advantage of an artificial womb? Could we reach a point where the desire to bring their own fetus in her womb seem a voluntary rejection of modern health and sanitation, land-motherism affected that goes against common sense - what I feel about mothers Cambridge ostentatiously breastfeed their children up to 4 years old?
I would say that God in his wisdom pregnancy created for moms and babies could develop a relationship before birth, says Alan Fleischman, a professor of pediatrics at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York, who directs the program neonatal Montefiore Medical Center 20 years.
Mary Mahowald, a professor at the MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics at the University of Chicago, and one of his medical students about whether women prefer to be related to a child genetically gestationally or, if they could not choose both surveyed. A slight majority opted for gestational relationship, more concerned about carrying the pregnancy, childbirth and lactation on the genetic link. "Pregnancy is important for women," says Mahowald. "Some women might prefer to do with all this - we hired our replacements, hired our maids, we hired our nannies -. But I think these things are going to have a very limited interest"
Susan Cooper, a psychologist who advises people going through infertility workups, is not so sure. Yes, she agrees, many patients have to see "an intense desire to be pregnant but it is hard to know if that is a biological or cultural momentum boost."
And Arthur L. Caplan, director of the Center for Bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania, goes a step further. Within thirty years, speculates, we will have solved the problem of development of the lungs; neonatology be able to save 15 fetuses 16 weeks old. There will be many genetic tests available, easy to make, predicting risk of developing late-onset diseases, but also skills that predict, behavioral traits and aspects of personality. There will be an artificial womb available, but there will be a lot of prototypes, and women who can not carry a pregnancy register to use the prototypes in the experimental protocols. Caplan also predicts that "there will be a movement afoot, which says that all this is unnecessary and unnatural, and that the way of having babies is sex and lottery random nature of a motion with the appeal of the movement environmental today. " Sixty years down the line, he adds, the total artificial uterus will be here. "It is technologically unavoidable Demand is difficult to predict, but I will say significant.."
Everything used to happen in the dark - if it happened at all. It occurred far beyond our vision or our intermediate in wet spaces without light female body. So what changes when something as fundamental as human reproduction out of the closet, so to speak? Are we, in fact, different if you have manual control over this most basic aspect of our biology? Should we change our genetic background and therefore our evolutionary path? Eliminate defects or eliminate differences or are one and the same? Save every fetus, making every baby wanted a baby, help each child would be born healthy - Are they the same? What are our goals as a society, what our goals are as a medical profession, what are our goals as single parents - and where they diverge these goals
"The future is promising for bioethicists" says Caplan. SOURCE: NYT
"The Artificial Womb Is Born: Welcome To The WORLD Of The MATRIX", article source: riseearth.com
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