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Title : Syncope- causes, symptoms, prevention
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Syncope- causes, symptoms, prevention

SYNCOPE









Syncope refers to generalized weakness of muscles,
loss of postural tone, inability to maintain erect posture and loss of
consciousness, while, faintness implies only lack of strength and sense of
impending loss of consciousness.




Causes

1.     Vasovagal syncope:-
this is a common type of syncope can be seen in persons. It tends to occur
during:-

·       
Emotional stress, after an injury or an
accident or during severe pain.

·       
Mild blood loss

·       
Prolonged bed rest

·       
Fever

·       
Organic heart disease

·       
Prolonged fasting




2.     Postural syncope:-
this type of syncope occur in patients who have chronic illness or instability
of vasomotor reflexes. It occur in following circumstances:-

·       
Idiopathic. The defect in postural
reflexes is unknown.

·       
Automatic insufficiency which may be
primary or secondary to drugs.

·       
Peripheral neuropathy due to diabetes,
alcoholism or neurological disease.




3.     Micturition syncope:-
this is seen in elderly during or after urination particularly after arising
from sitting position. It has been suggested that release of intravesical
pressure during micturition causes sudden vasodilatation which gets augmented
by standing leading to syncope.




4.     Cardiac syncope:-
sudden reduction in cardiac output cause cardiac syncope. It results from both
abnormal decrease in heart beat, i.e., AV blocks or increase in heart rate ,
i.e., supraventicular or ventricular tachycardia.

5.     Carotid syncope:-
this occurs due to two reasons-

·       
There is vagal mediated cardiac slowing.

·       
There is fall in blood pressure due to
depressor response.




Symptoms

1.  
Vasovagal
syncope:-

·       
Patient may have vision disturbances.

·       
The person may feel spots in front of
his eyes.

·       
Patient may have sweating problem and
paleness.

·       
Pulse rate of patient will fall
drastically.




2.    
Postural
syncope:-

·       
Person will feel blood loss and will feel
weakness in his body.

·       
Person will observe problem of sweating
and will have dehydration in his body.

·       
Person will feel light-headedness when
sitting or standing.




3.    
Cardiac
syncope:-

·       
Patient will have drastic decrease in
heart rate.

·       
Patient will feel paleness and weakness
in his body.




4.    
Neurologic
syncope:-

·       
The person will have neurological
problems like, headache, loss of balance.




Prevention

1. Prevention of syncope depends on its cause and
   mechanism involved.


2. ·       
   In vasovagal syncope, periods of
   excitement or upset are preventable.


3. ·       
   In postural syncope, patient is advised
   not to rise suddenly from his bed. They should first exercise their leg muscles
   before rising.


4. ·       
   Patients with chronic postural
   hypotension should take mineralocorticoid.


5. ·       
   For carotid syncope, loose cervical
   collar should be worn and patients are advised to move the whole body instead
   of head while looking to one side.

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