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Title : Lymphoma Hodgkin Disease and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
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Lymphoma Hodgkin Disease and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

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Lymphoma Hodgkin Disease and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

What is lymphoma?

Hodgkin's disease

lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphocytes, cells of the lymphatic system which help the body fight infections. The lymphatic system is a network of vessels throughout the body that collect invading organisms, such as viruses, and abnormal cells. The invaders moved into the lymph nodes where they are destroyed by white blood cells, including cells called lymphocytes. Lymphoma usually starts in a lymph node, but can also begin in the stomach, intestines, skin or any other organ. The two main types of lymphoma are Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Hodgkin's disease

Hodgkin's disease is characterized by a specific type of abnormal cell called the Reed-Sternberg cell. This type of cancer can spread through the lymphatic system, which affects any organ tissue or lymph in the body. Hodgkin's disease most commonly affects people aged 20 years or over 50. Males are affected more than women, and whites are affected more often than people of other races. The disorder strikes about five of every 100,000 people.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

The majority lymphoma is non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In adults, non-Hodgkin lymphoma affects more men and often occurs between the ages of 60 and 70. Whites are affected more often than people of other races. The disorder affects about 16 of every 100,000 people - or about 45,000 Americans. The incidence rate of this cancer is increasing for unknown reasons.

Different types of lymphoma occur in different age groups.

In adulthood

adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma is classified by size, type and spread of cancer cells in the lymph nodes. The three types are low grade (slower growth), intermediate grade and high grade (aggressive).

• The low-grade lymphomas include small lymphocytic lymphoma, follicular small cleaved cell lymphoma and follicular mixed cell.
• intermediate grade lymphomas include follicular large cell lymphoma, diffuse small cleaved cell lymphoma, diffuse mixed lymphoma, and diffuse large cell lymphoma.
• high-grade lymphomas include immunoblastic lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma, and small non-cleaved (Burkitt and non-Burkitt) lymphoma.

In childhood

Lymphomas Childhood non-Hodgkin are lymphoblastic lymphoma, large cell lymphoma, and lymphoma small non-cleaved cell (including Burkitt and non-Burkitt lymphomas ). Note that high-grade (aggressive) non-Hodgkin lymphoma usually affects children and young adults.

There are several factors that may contribute to the development of lymphoma:

Environmental factors - Recent studies show a possible link between lymphoma and exposure to certain chemicals, herbicides and insecticides. More studies are needed.


Genetic factors -. Studies indicate that patients with certain genetic (inherited) immunodeficiency disorders, such as Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, may have an increased risk of developing lymphoma


Viral infections - Research suggests links between lymphoma and certain viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus and HIV. For example, one study found that Burkitt's disease was related to the Epstein-Barr virus in almost all cases in Africa and 15 percent of US cases. Patients infected with HIV, especially those with AIDS are also more susceptible to both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Symptoms of lymphoma

The main symptom of both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas is swelling of lymph nodes in the neck, armpit or groin. Other symptoms may include:

• Fever
• Night sweats
• Fatigue
• Abdominal pain
• Loss unexplained
weight
• Itchy skin

Because swollen lymph nodes caused by lymphoma usually are not painful, lymph nodes may enlarge slowly over a long period time before the patient notices. In addition, fever commonly associated with lymphoma may come and go for several weeks before the patient sees a doctor. Even unexplained weight loss caused by certain lymphomas may progress for months before the patient seeks medical help.

The diagnosis of lymphoma

If the suspicion of lymphoma doctor based on medical history and results of a physical examination, he or she may order blood tests and a test called lymph node biopsy.

The lymph node biopsy, your doctor will inject a local anesthetic under the skin to numb the area where there is a swollen lymph node. After the area is numb, a sterile needle is used to remove a small tissue sample. Then the tissue is examined in a laboratory test of lymphoma. Occasionally, an entire lymph node is surgically removed instead of a small piece of tissue, because this can help the pathologist be more certain of the diagnosis.

You may also need other tests such as X-rays to evaluate the chest, bones, liver and spleen; Bone marrow biopsy; a gallium scan; and computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen.

If you are diagnosed with lymphoma, the next step is to determine the stage of cancer. For this, the doctor will consider if you have any so-called "B symptoms" including fever, weight loss and night sweats. Stages from Stage I, wherein the cancer is confined to an area, for example, only one lymph node, stage IV, in which the cancer has spread widely outside the lymph system and possibly bone marrow or other organs.

Occasionally, laparoscopic surgery is performed to help determine the stage. In this procedure, a small incision in the abdomen, and a thin, lighted tube called a laparoscope is used to see if the cancer has spread to any of the internal organs. During the procedure, small pieces of tissue can also be removed and examined under a microscope for signs of cancer.

Expected duration

Like other cancers, lymphoma will progress less concerned.

Prevention of lymphoma

There is no definitive way to prevent Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphomas. You may be able to reduce the risk of lymphoma taking precautions to avoid HIV infection. It is not known if avoid certain chemicals will prevent lymphoma.

Lymphoma Treatment

Radiation therapy is the traditional treatment for early stages of Hodgkin's disease. Chemotherapy, possibly with radiation, is used in the later stages of the disease. If chemotherapy can be used instead of radiation for early stage disease it is being investigated. Treatment for non-Hodgkin lymphoma depends on the degree (low, intermediate or high), stage of disease, and the age and health of the patient.

• very early, low grade (slow growing) lymphomas can sometimes be cured with a combination of radiation and chemotherapy. Otherwise, treatment is based on the symptoms and severity develop. Early aggressive therapy is not believed to improve the survival of most low-grade lymphomas. In some cases the initial stage, low-grade lymphoma, the disease will be monitored, but will not be given treatment unless the disease worsens. If a patient with early stage, low grade (slow growing) lymphoma has symptoms, or if the disease has spread significantly, which it can be treated with radiotherapy.
• advanced-stage, low-grade lymphoma can be treated in a variety of ways, ranging from chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy for bone marrow transplantation. In a bone marrow transplantation, bone marrow cells of the patient are killed and then bone marrow cells are injected without cancer.
• For higher grade lymphomas, cure is possible in 40 percent to 50 percent of cases. The main treatment is chemotherapy. Radiation is also sometimes used. intermediate grade lymphoma can be treated with a combination of chemotherapy drugs. More advanced stages may require high-dose chemotherapy and possibly a bone marrow transplant or stem cell transplant. In a bone marrow transplantation, bone marrow cells of the patient are killed, and then bone marrow cells are injected without cancer. Stem cells are immature cells that grow in the blood cells. In a stem cell transplant, stem cells from the patient are removed and treated to remove the cancer before being injected back into the patient. Burkitt lymphoma, high-grade lymphoma can be cured in 80 percent of cases with a combination of chemotherapy drugs.

If cancer recurs in a person who has received treatment for intermediate and high-grade lymphomas, he or she may be a candidate for a bone marrow or stem cell transplant.

In recent clinical trials, radioimmunotherapy has been used to treat, the highest grade or lymphomas that keep coming after advanced treatment. This therapy involves the injection of antibodies with radioactive iodine added. Antibodies are proteins that are part of the system cells and cancer immune attack. The added radiation helps kill cells. Researchers are studying other biological therapies that use the immune system to fight cancer.

When calling a professional

Consult your doctor if you experience any symptoms of lymphoma for more than two weeks.
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