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Title : Bowel Obstruction or Intestinal Obstruction: Causes, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Signs, Treatment, Investigations
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Bowel Obstruction or Intestinal Obstruction: Causes, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Signs, Treatment, Investigations

what is intestinal obstruction or intestinal obstruction

intestinal obstruction or bowel obstruction is a medical condition where there is blockage in the intestines that prevents food or liquid to pass through the small intestine or large intestine (colon). The cause of intestinal obstruction may be fibrous bands of tissue in the abdomen (adhesions), diverticulitis, hernias or tumors. If treatment is not done immediately, then locked regions of the thin die (necrosis) causing serious problems. With immediate medical attention, intestinal obstruction can be successfully treated.
Causes and Risk Factors for bowel obstruction or bowel obstruction

The most common causes of mechanical obstruction of the small intestine

• intestinal adhesions (bands of fibrous tissue), which are formed after the abdominal or pelvic surgery in the abdominal cavity.
• Hernias bowel where portions pushes another body part.
• The tumors in the small intestine.
• inflammatory bowel disease, eg Crohn's disease.
• twisted intestine known as volvulus.
• The intussusception, that is the telescoping of the intestine.

The most common causes of mechanical obstruction of the colon

• Cancer colon.
• diverticulitis.
• The rotation of the colon (volvulus).
• impacted stool.
• The narrowing of the colon due to inflammation and scarring (stenosis).

Paralytic ileus is a condition that can cause signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction without an actual physical obstruction.

Causes of paralytic ileus include:

• Abdominal surgery.
• pelvic surgery.
• infection.
• Certain medications such as antidepressants and analgesics affecting the muscles and nerves.
• disorders of muscles and nerves, such as Parkinson's disease.

Risk factors for bowel obstruction or bowel obstruction

• abdominal or pelvic surgery may cause adhesions resulting in bowel obstruction.
• Crohn's disease causes thickening of the intestinal wall resulting in a narrowing of the duct.
• abdominal cancer, especially after surgery to remove a tumor or abdominal radiation therapy.

Signs and symptoms of bowel obstruction or bowel obstruction

• Pain intermittent abdominal cramps.
• Nausea.
• Vomiting.
• diarrhea.
• Constipation.
• Inability to have a bowel movement.
• inability to pass gas.
• distension or bloating.

The treatment of intestinal obstruction or intestinal obstruction

Treatment depends on the cause and usually It requires hospitalization.

• Fluids are given through intravenous (IV) into a vein.
• To relieve bloating, an NG tube is placed through the nose into the stomach to suction air and liquid.
• catheter is placed into the bladder to drain and collect urine for testing.
• In partial obstruction, some food and liquid is able to pass through and the patient may not require further treatment until he / she is stabilized. A special diet low in fiber is recommended by the doctor, so it is easy to digest. If the obstruction does not go away by itself, then surgery may be required.
• The complete mechanical obstruction, nothing is able to pass through the intestine; and surgery is the treatment option to relieve the obstruction. The surgical procedure performed depends on the cause of the obstruction and part of the intestine that is affected. Surgery often includes removal of the obstruction, along with any part of the intestine is damaged or dead.
• Instead of surgery, the doctor can treat a blocked using a self-expanding metal stent. This stent helps to force open the colon so that the obstruction is removed. Generally these stents are used to treat people with colon cancer or for patients who are at high risk of emergency surgery. Once these patients are stable, they may still require surgery.
• Treatment of paralytic ileus: If signs and symptoms of the patient are caused by paralytic ileus, then the doctor can monitor the patient's condition for a couple of days in the hospital. Paralytic ileus is a condition that is usually temporary and improves on its own. If not, then the doctor may prescribe medications that cause muscle contractions and help in the movement of food and liquids through the intestines. If the cause of paralytic ileus is a disease or medication, then the doctor will deal with the underlying disease first or stopping the medication that is causing the problem.

Research bowel obstruction or bowel obstruction

• History clinical and physical examination revealed swollen or tender abdomen or a lump, if present, in the abdomen. The doctor may also hear bowel sounds with a stethoscope.
• Imaging studies such as abdominal X-ray or CT scan helps confirm the diagnosis. The tests also help in determining if the obstruction is paralytic ileus or whether it is a partial or complete mechanical obstruction.

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