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Title : Anubis – The Jackal God and Guide into the Ancient Egyptian Afterlife
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Anubis – The Jackal God and Guide into the Ancient Egyptian Afterlife

by Natalia Klimczak
ancient origins

Anubis is one of the most prominent and mystical gods of ancient Egypt. It was known from the earliest moments of the history of civilization which is based near the Nile river.

This god was first mentioned during the first dynasty, but it is possible that future research may show that he he was present even before that date. It is interesting to note, however, that the name "Anubis" was unknown before the Greeks arrived in Egypt. In the ancient Egyptian language, it was called Anpu or Inpu. This name has the same root as the word for "a real boy." Moreover, it is also related to the word "INP" which means "corruption". Anubis was also known as "Imy-ut" ( "The one in the Place of Embalming") and "piece-ta-djser" ( "Lord of the sacred land").

Anubis attend the mummy of the deceased. ( public domain )
a God without Temples

To date, archaeologists have not discovered any monumental temple dedicated to this God. His "temples" are tombs and cemeteries. The main centers of his cult are in Asyut (Licópolis) and Hardai (Cynopolis). His name appears in the oldest known mastabas (tombs of mud bricks) of the first dynasty and several shrines to the god found. For example, a chapel and a cemetery of mummified dogs and jackals were discovered in Anubeion, a place located east of Saqqara. It seems that during the reign of the first dynasties that was even more significant than Osiris. This changed during the period of the Middle Kingdom, but Anubis remained one of the most important deities.

Anubis was one of the deities could also go against humans. He was independent, sometimes useful, but sometimes punished humans as well. One of its main functions was '' The Guardian of the Scales ''. This is related to the belief that after death a person meets the gods who set their hearts on a special scale. The scenes of the weighting of the heart ceremony Book of the Dead Anubis present - which measures whether the person was worthy enough to live an eternal life. Therefore, Anubis could decide the fate of the soul.

The Egyptian god Anubis (a modern version inspired paintings the tombs of the New Kingdom) ( GFDL )
the god Anubis is generally represented as a jackal and sometimes as a man, but he was always in black, which it was a color related to desolation and rebirth. Anubis had a female counterpart called Anput, and a daughter, who was the goddess snake Kebechet. It was also associated with the god Upuaut (Wepwawet), another deity with canine characteristics.

Anubis was also the patron of lost souls, including orphans. During the Greek period, which was associated with the god Hermes. The Greeks created a composite deity called Hermanubis well. They decided to combine Hermes as messenger of the gods Anubis who guided the dead to meet him. Over time, it became associated with Hermanubis Herpokrates in the eyes of the Romans -. A popular god for alchemists and philosophers during the Renaissance

Statue of Hermanubis, a hybrid of Anubis and the Greek god Hermes (Vatican Museums) ( CC bY-SA 3.0 )
the most famous Anubis sanctuaries found to date was discovered in the tomb of Tutankhamun (KV62). You are now in the Egyptian Museum (JE61444). It was found behind the entrance of the UN walls that led to the '' store room ''. The sanctuary is located near the canopic chest, which still contained their jars.

The Guardian of the Dead

main functions of Anubis embalming the body, guiding the soul, and the protection of the grave. According to a myth of Osiris, Isis helped embalm her husband. Because of this history, the priests who worked during the mummification process with a face wore masks jackal. Moreover, the legends say that when Osiris was killed by Seth of its organs became a gift to Anubis. This began a tradition of bringing some parts of the dead. real jackals were prone to excavate bodies from shallow graves and eat them. The ancient Egyptians made Anubis guardian of cemeteries and god of embalming turn a negative force into a positive.

Anubis statue. ( CC BY 2.0 )
According to Geraldine Pinch:

"Anubis was the guardian of all kinds of magical secrets in the Papyrus Jumilhac appears. as the leader of the armed followers of Horus. His ferocity is a match for Seth violence. in a similar magical texts date, Anubis is known as "Lord of the Bau '. whole battalions of messengers demons under his command. In the magical papyri dating from Roman times, Anubis acts as the main executor of curses. Deities grace the temples of worship are barely recognizable in the gods and goddesses ruthless found in everyday magic. (...) A story in Jumilhac Papyrus (c. 300 BC) explains how Seth relating habit once delivered into a panther after attacking the body of Osiris. Anubis captured and the mark of the panther, the creation of the leopard's spots. The jackal god decreed that leopard skins should be used by the priests in memory of his victory over Seth. "

Papyrus Jumilhac. ( CC BY-SA 3.0 )
for centuries, people believed that grave robbers would be punished by Anubis as it was the guardian of the dead. on the other hand, it was believed that good people would be protected by him and his eternal life would be peaceful and happy because their care .

a pop culture Change

Anubis received many additional powers and attributes of modern popular culture. the mysterious god became a popular figure in the books, video games and films during the 20th and early 21 centuries. modern artists often imagine powers of Anubis as something more sinister than the ancient Egyptians did. His bad reputation was created by fear and by the value of modern entertainment.

in the past, there was a belief that people do not have a choice about their destinations, but there was hope that the jackal god would allow them to enter the afterlife and enjoy . it forever

References:

Geraldine Pinch, magic in ancient Egypt, 1994.
Richard H. Wilkinson, the complete gods and goddesses of ancient Egypt, 2003.
Jadwiga Lipinska, Marek Marciniak, Mitologia starożytnego Egiptu, 1986.
Gods of ancient Egypt: Anubis, available at:
http://www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/anubis.html

"Anubis – The Jackal God and Guide into the Ancient Egyptian Afterlife", article source: riseearth.com

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