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Title : Did Dark Matter Kill the Dinosaurs?
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Did Dark Matter Kill the Dinosaurs?

"Post-body-5064228176842909338"> The dinosaurs never saw it coming. When a giant space rock crashed into the Yucatan Peninsula 65 million years ago, global reign ended in catastrophic violence. But that space rock, perhaps a comet several miles wide, could have had an accomplice stealthy :. dark
matter Dark matter, of course, is the invisible matter that makes up a quarter of the universe, and 85 percent of all matter. And Harvard physicist Lisa Randall thinks that may be what showed that the comet dino-destroying toward Earth. According to his theory, there is the dark matter in the Milky Way in the form of a thin disk embedded in the Galactic Plane-what Randall referred to as "double disc dark matter." While in orbit around the galactic center, the solar system passes through this disc, whose gravity pulls comets in the solar system, and in the case of the disappearance of the dinosaurs, pulled one of them just enough to send bound for Earth. is an idea for reflection, connecting one of the biggest cosmic mysteries favorites of all extinct animals. Of course it is speculative. But Randall's hypothesis implies a new characterization of dark matter that has gained ground in recent years: one in which dark matter is more nuanced and complex than previously thought. This new class of dark matter involves what is called free dark matter interaction. In theory, it can produce a collision or otherwise interact with itself, possibly through a particle zoo similar to those that make up normal matter, such as protons, electrons and quark. All a dark universe could even be out there, with dark atoms and even stars and dark planets. "There are many different possibilities of how you can interact matters," says Randall. "The same is true for dark matter." And if dark matter makes self-Interact, it means that about 30 years, scientists trying to detect the shade material have been chasing the wrong type of particles. This particle is a massive particle WIMP interaction or weak, and remains the most popular candidate dark matter particles today. Nobody knows exactly what kind of particle that could be, and physicists have many theories. In general, however, a WIMP is a particle that hardly interact with anything in any way other than through gravity, which makes it a good choice for dark matter, since, so anyone can ie, dark matter only interacts gravitationally. Physicists prefer a WIMP because it fits so well in theories of cosmology. As the story goes, shortly after the Big Bang, these particles have been constantly running into each other and annihilate in a burst of energy. Over time, their numbers have decreased, and as the universe expanded and cooled, it would become more difficult for them to find and annihilate each other. It turns out that the amount of remaining WIMP would be enough to explain dark matter in the universe. "People my age are taught in graduate school that the most reasonable model and well motivated by dark matter is the model of miracle WIMP WIMP" says James Bullock, an astrophysicist at the University of California, Irvine. "It explains so much, a lot of astronomers take as gospel." So scientists have been trying to hunt down the particle. They have used a satellite to search for gamma-ray signals that can result from WIMPs annihilate each other in space. They hope to create one of the particles in the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland to smash protons together at near light speed. And they have built underground detectors in various parts of the world to catch one, as the largest underground Xenon experiment a mile below the surface in the Black Hills of South Dakota. (The researchers hypothesize that the WIMP also interact through the weak force, which comes into play in very short at the subatomic level distances. In the case of LUX, scientists hope to detect WIMP that interact through the weak force with atoms liquid xenon. for more information, watch the video below.)

These experiments have been running for a few years, which is long enough, for now, scientists have discovered conceivably could one WIMP. However, no one has found anything. "We have been looking at a variety of ways," says Yonit Hochberg, a physicist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. "If we find it, that's wonderful. But if we do not, maybe it's time to think about other options." One option: the free interaction of dark matter, a generic term for a more complex type of dark matter. While the WIMP barely noticeable each other, the dark matter particles free interaction can theoretically collide and scatter, experiencing no gravitational forces yes, fans of Star Wars are dark forces. And unlike WIMP dark matter, the free interplay of dark matter consists of more than one type of particle. The free interaction of dark matter could explain some discrepancies between theory and observations WIMP real life of galaxies. For example, computer simulations show that a universe of WIMP produces galaxies whose centers are denser than what is observed. But if dark matter was free interaction, its constituent particles bounce off each other like ping-pong. As a result, dark matter would be less accumulate in galactic nuclei, resulting in the density of dark matter that astronomers actually measure. Recently, Hochberg proposed a theory of free dark matter interaction in which dark matter consists mainly of some kind of strongly interacting massive particle of a SIMP. Like the WIMP, SIMPS annihilate each other at the beginning of the history of the universe. Unlike WIMP, however, three of them would be needed to kill, and two SIMPS remain. This process could produce the right amount of spare SIMPS to account for all the dark matter in the universe, but in this case, would be a "miracle SIMP." could be several types of SIMPS. As an example, Hochberg has suggested that the SIMP is a dark version of a particle called a pion. Overall, however, SIMPS are lighter than a typical WIMPs, so to detect them, physicists have to renew their search strategies (some early-stage experiments are already underway) at least 1,000 times. Meanwhile, astronomers are trying to figure out whether dark matter is the free interaction in the first place. Specifically, they are studying mergers between huge clusters of galaxies, which are embedded in huge bubbles of dark matter called dark matter halos. If dark matter interacts, merging halos dampen each other, astronomers can detect by measuring the amount of its gravity distorts light from background galaxies. A US-based team just 25 respondents galaxy mergers, and hope that in a few years, they will know with certainty whether dark matter interacts or not. "This will be enough to make a definitive statement one way or another," says Will Dawson, an astronomer at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, along with Bullock is a team member. Recently, another group studied a galaxy falling into a cluster of galaxies called Abell 3827. His initial analysissuggests that dark matter is in fact interacting, although some researchers question the conclusions. But the dark matter can not be simply either strongly or weakly interacting. It could be a combination of both, which brings us back to the dinosaurs. According to the theory of Randall, most of the dark matter is very weakly interacting. However, a small component could interact with itself through an electromagnetic force similar to the force. In the Milky Way, this component of self-interacting represent about five percent of the total mass of the galaxy. This type of dark matter would be composed of positively and negatively charged particles and photons dark (ie, dark light), which interact in a way that dissipates energy. With this loss of energy, dark matter particles would slow, dark combine to form atoms, and eventually flatten into a huge disk aligned with the galaxy. Randall and his team showed that if there was this record of dark matter, which could explain the geological evidence that the Earth has undergone impacts of periodic comets every 35 million years or so. Scientists have previously suggested that as the solar system revolves around the center of the Milky Way, which rises and falls through the galactic plane with about the same frequency. When that happens, the team proposes Randall, the solar system also passes through the disk of dark matter whose gravity causes an influx of comets to pelt the inner solar system. It was one of those comets that killed the dinosaurs. To determine if there is a disk of dark matter, astronomers could use the European satellite Gaia a mission launched in 2013, which measures the location and trajectory of a billion stars in the Milky Way. If a disc, astronomers would be able to detect its gravitational influence on the movements of these stars. Until there is enough evidence points one way or another about whether dark matter interacts, however, scientists remain agnostic as Dawson. "I'm so happy to discard the free interplay of dark matter as I am to find out," he says. However, given the menagerie of particles and the forces involved with normal matter, it is not unreasonable to think that dark matter could be equally complex. In fact, he says, which it could be more surprising if it were. "There are all these possibilities out there," says Bullock. "Perhaps over time we can rule out these possibilities. But right now, we can not."

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