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Title : 500 Years of History Shows that Mass Spying Is Always Aimed at Crushing Dissent
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500 Years of History Shows that Mass Spying Is Always Aimed at Crushing Dissent

it's never to Protect Us From Bad Guys

No matter the government conducts mass surveillance, but also do it to crush dissent, and then give a false justification of why they are doing it.

for example, the US Supreme Court observed in Stanford v Texas (1965).

While the Fourth Amendment [of the U.S. Constitution] was more immediately the product of contemporary repulsion against a regime assistance order, its roots are much deeper. Adoption of the Constitution of this new nation reflects the culmination in England a few years before a struggle against oppression that had endured for centuries . The history of that struggle has been fully chronicled in the pages of reports of the Court, and would be an unnecessary exercise in pedantry reexamine the detailed history of the use of general orders as instruments of oppression of Tudor times, to through the star Chamber, the long Parliament, Restoration, and beyond.

what is important to note is that this story is largely a history of conflict between the Crown and the press. It was in enforcing the laws authorizing the publication of literature and then in processes for seditious libel, which guarantees general are used systematically in the XVI, XVII and XVIII centuries. In Tudor England, the Crown officers were given roving commissions to where they wanted in order to suppress and destroy the literature of dissent, both Catholic and puritanical . In later years, orders were sometimes more specific in content, but usually authorized all persons involved in the premises of all persons connected with the publication of a libel in particular, or the arrest and seizure of all documents of a person named believed to be connected with defamation.

by "defamation", the court refers to a criticism of the British government, which the king or his ministers did not like ... they would be labeled such criticism "defamation" and then seize all documents the author.

the Supreme Court provides interesting historical data in the case of Marcus v APB ( 1961).

the use of the government of the power of arrest as a complement to a system for the removal of objectionable publications ... was a major instrument for the implementation of the licensing system Tudor. The Stationers Company was incorporated in 1557 to help implement that system, and empowered

"To search every time he pleases anywhere, shop, house, house, or building or any printer, folder or bookseller whatever is within our realm of England or domains thereof or any book or printed things, or to be printed, and to take advantage, grabbing, burning, or recourse to the appropriate use of community above all and several of those books and things that are or are printed against the form of any law, act or announcement, which they are intended....

an order of a lawyer confirmed and expanded the power of the Company in 1566, and the Star Chamber was reaffirmed in 1586 by a decree

"it shall be lawful for the guardians of that company, for the moment or two of that company to same delegate by these guards, to make search in all Workhouses, shops, warehouses, printers, booksellers, bookbinders , or those who have a reasonable cause for suspicion, and all the books [etc.]. . . Contrary to . . . these ordinances to stay and make the use of His Majesty. . . . "

Books by this secured mode, were taken to the Hall of Stationers' where they were inspected by church officials, who have decided whether they should be burned. These powers shall be exercised in the Tudor censorship suppress both the Catholic and puritanical discrepant literature .

Each regime of success during the turbulent seventeenth-century England used the power of search and seizure to suppress publications. Jaime I charged the ecclesiastical judges comprising the Court High Commission

"To ask and look. . . all heretics, schismatics and seditious books, pamphlets and writings, and all other books, brochures and offensive portraitures the state or established without sufficient and lawful authority to this name ,. . . and the same books [etc.] and its printing presses themselves in the same way to leverage and thus to sort and dispose of them. . . because they can not after serving or be employed for any illegal use. . . ".

The decree judges of the law of 1637, promulgating the requirement that all books can be licensed, continued the broad powers of the Stationers Company to enforce laws licensing. During the political upheaval of the 1640s, Parliament repeatedly affirmed the need for a broad power of search and seizure to control printing . therefore, an order of 1648 gave the power of search engines

"to look at any house or place where it is not only because of the suspicion that presses are kept and used in the printing of leaflets and spread scandalous ,. . . [and] to seize such scandalous pamphlets and extends as found in the search. . . ".

The Restoration brought a new act of licensing in 1662. Under his authority," messengers of the press "operated under the Secretaries of State, who issued executive orders to making people and papers. These orders, while sometimes specific in content, often gave the more general discretionary authority. for example, an order for Roger L'Estrange, the inspector of the press, authorized him to "seek all seditious books and libels and arrest the perpetrators, contrivers, printers, publishers, and dispersers them, "and

" search any house, shop, pressroom, camera, storage, etc. for seditious, scandalous or unlicensed images, books or papers , to take away or deform it, and letter press, removing all copies. . . .] "

***

Although increasingly attacked, the licensing system continued in force for a time even after the Revolution of 1688, and continued to issue warrants for executives search and seizure of offensive books. the Company Stationers was also ordered

"to do often and diligent searches in all those places that you or any of you know or have any probable reason to suspect, and seize all books and brochures, outrageous unlicensed. . . "

And even when the processing device for seditious libel replaces licensing as the main government control of the press, also applied with the help of general orders. - Authorizing either arrest all persons connected with the publication of a libel in particular and the search for their local or seizure of all documents of a person named alleged to be connected with the publication of a libel.

aND see this .

general orders were declared largely illegal in Britain 1765 . But the British continued to use general orders in the American colonies. in fact, the revolutionary war era largely launched to stop the use of general orders in the colonies. King George gave several excuses why general orders for the public good were needed, of course ... but such excuses were all hollow.

the New York Review of Books Notes that the US government did not begin to perform mass surveillance against the American people long after the revolutionary war ended ... but once started, the goal was to crush dissent:

in the United States, political espionage for the federal government began in the early twentieth century with the creation of the Office of Research at the Department of Justice on 1 July 1908. in more than one sense, the new agency was a descendant of surveillance practices developed in France a century earlier, since it was initiated by US Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte, a great nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, who he created during a recess of Congress. Its establishment was denounced by Congressman Walter Smith of Iowa, who said that "no general system of spying on and spying on people, as has prevailed in Russia, in France under the Empire, and at a time in Ireland, should be allowed to grow. "

However, new Bureau became deeply involved in the political monitoring during World War II, when federal authorities tried to gather information on which American entry oppose in the war and those who oppose the project . As a result of this monitoring, many hundreds of people were prosecuted under the Espionage Act 1917 and the Sedition Act 1918 for the peaceful expression of opinions about the war and recruitment.

But was during the Vietnam war that the political surveillance in the United States peaked . Under Presidents Lyndon Johnson and, to an even greater degree, Richard Nixon, There was a systematic effort by various agencies, including the US Army, to gather information on participants in the protests against the war . Millions of Americans took part in such protests and federal government-as well as many state and local agencies amounts of information about them-gathered huge. These are just three of the many examples of political surveillance at the time:

• In the 1960s in Rochester, New York, the local police department launched Operation (knowledge browser Emergency) . It was twenty thousand Scouts who live in the neighborhood of Rochester. ID cards are marked with fingerprints. The cards were phone numbers of local police and the FBI. The scouts participating in the program were given a list of suspicious activities were reported.
• In 1969, the FBI learned that one of the sponsors of a demonstration against the war in Washington, DC, was an organization based in the city of New York, the Committee for Peace Parade on Fifth Avenue, which chartered buses to take demonstrators to the event. The FBI visited the bank in which the organization maintained its account to get photocopies of checks issued to the reservation of seats on buses and, therefore, to identify participants in the demonstration. One of the other federal agencies, given the information by the FBI was the Internal Revenue Service.

***

The National Security Agency was involved in internal political surveillance of that time also. Decades before the Internet, under the leadership of President Nixon, the NSA made agreements with major communications companies of the era such as RCA Global and Western Union to obtain copies of the telegrams. When the matter came to court, the Nixon administration argued that the president had inherent authority protect the country against subversion . In a unanimous decision in 1972, however, the US Supreme Court rejected the claim that the president had the authority to disregard the requirement of the Fourth Amendment of a court order.

** *

Much of the political surveillance of the 1960s and the 1970s and the period dating back to World War I involved in efforts to identifyorganizations that were critical of policies government, or were supporters of various causes that the government did not like, and to gather information on its adherents. it is not always clear how this information is used. As best can be established, the main use was to block some of those who were identified with certain causes of obtaining public employment or some types of private employment. Those who were victims in this way is rarely discovered why they had been excluded.

Efforts to protect civil liberties during that era eventually led to the destruction of many of these records, sometimes after of those whose activities were monitored they were given the opportunity to examine them. In many cases, this prevented surveillance records are used to harm those who were spied upon. However, great vigilance by organizations like the ACLU and the Center for Constitutional Rights, which brought together a large number of court cases that challenge the political vigilance was necessary to safeguard the rights. The collection of data relating to the activities of US citizens did not occur with benign purposes .

***

Between 1956 and 1971, the FBI operated a program known as COINTELPRO, for Counterintelligence program. Its purpose was to interfere with the activities of organizations and individuals who were its objectives or, as longtime FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, the makes "expose, disrupt, divert, discredit or otherwise neutralize of "them . The first goal was the Communist Party USA, but subsequent targets ranged from the Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Christian Leadership Conference South organizations that women's rights organizations espousing right as the National Party of Rights States.

a well-known example of COINTELPRO was planting the FBI in 1964 of false documents on William Albertson, an official of the Communist Party for a long time, that convinced the Communist Party Albertson was an FBI informant. Amid wide publicity, Albertson was expelled from the party, he lost all his friends, and was fired from his job. Until his death in an automobile accident in 1972, he tried to prove he was not a snitch, but the case was not resolved until 1989, when the FBI promised to pay widow Albertson $ 170,000 to settle his lawsuit against the government.

COINTELPRO was finally arrested by J. Edgar Hoover after activists broke into a small FBI office in Media, Pennsylvania, in 1971, and released stolen documents on the program the press. COINTELPRO lesson is that any government agency that is able to gather information through political surveillance will be tempted to use that information . After a while, the passive accumulation of data may seem insufficient and can be used aggressively. This can take place long after the information was initially collected and may involve officials who had nothing to do with the original decision to participate in surveillance.

In fact, during the Vietnam War, the NSA eavesdropped Senator Frank Church because of his criticism of the Vietnam War. The NSA also spied Senator Howard Baker

Senator Church - the head of a congressional committee investigating COINTELPRO - warned in 1975.

[NSA's] capacity at any time could turn the American people, and no American would have any privacy left, such as the ability to monitor everything : telephone conversations, telegrams, it does not matter. There would be no place to hide. [If a dictator ever took over, the N.S.A.] could allow impose total tyranny and no way to fight.

This is in fact what happened ...

Initially, American constitutional law experts say the NSA is doing exactly the same thing as the people US today that king George did the settlers ... the use of "general order" type of espionage.

And it is clear that the government is using its massive espionage programs in order to track those who question government policies. See this this this and this

Todd Gitlin. - Chair of the doctoral program in communications Columbia University professor of journalism and sociology - Notes

under the Freedom of Information, the Partnership for Civil Justice (PCJF) of unearthed documents showing that in 2011 and 2012, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and other federal agencies were busy watching and worrying about a number of groups of Occupy - during the same time they were losing real warnings on the real terrorist actions.

Since its inception, the movement of the occupation was of considerable interest to the DHS, FBI and other security agencies and intelligence, while the real terrorists slipped beyond networks projected in the wrong places. In the fall of 2011, DHS specifically asked its regional subsidiaries to report on "Manifestations of peaceful activists, in addition to reporting on domestic terrorist actions and" significant criminal activity. ' "

Aware that deal was overwhelmingly peaceful federal funding for Boston Regional Intelligence Center (BRIC), one of the 77 focal generically known as "fusion centers," was busy monitoring Occupy Boston daily. As investigative journalist Michael Isikoff recently reported , which were not only tracking pages and websites Facebook related-ranking but "writing reports on the potential impact of the movement of commercial assets and financial sector. ' "

was in this period that the FBI received the second of two Russian police warnings about Islamist extremist activities Tamerlan Tsarnaev, the future bomber Boston marathon. police commissioner in that city later said that federal authorities did not pass any information about the Tsarnaev brothers in it, even though it makes no sense to let the Boston police not off the hook. The ACLU has discovered documents showing that during the same period were paying close attention to the inner workings of ... Code Pink and Veterans for Peace.

***

In Alaska, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Tennessee and Wisconsin, intelligence not only grouped among the watchdogs of public policy, but shared with private companies - and vice versa

nationally, in 2011, the FBI and DHS were, in the words of Mara Verheyden-Hilliard, executive director of the Partnership for Civil Justice "treatment. protests against the structure of corporate banking and America as a potential criminal and terrorist activity. " last December using FOIA PCJF obtained 112 pages of documents (very censored) reveal a good amount of evidence of what otherwise might seem like a far-fetched charge ". functioning as a de facto intelligence arm of Wall Street and corporations" that federal authorities were, in the words of Hilliard Verheyden- Consider these examples of summary of federal agencies working directly not only with local authorities, but on behalf of the private sector PCJF:

• "as early as August 19, 2011, the FBI in New York he met with the New York Stock Exchange to discuss the protests on Wall Street that would not start for another month occupy. By September, before the start of the OWS, the FBI businesses that could be the subject of a protest by OWS is notified. "

•" The FBI in Albany and the Joint Task Force on Terrorism Syracuse disseminate information to ... [22] officials campus police ... a representative of the State University of New York at Oswego contacted the FBI for information on the OWS protests and informed the FBI of the SUNY-Oswego Occupy camp of students and teachers. "

• An entity called the Council of Domestic Security Alliance (ASAD)," a strategic alliance between the FBI, the Department of Homeland Security and the private sector ", sent around information regarding Occupy protests in the ports of the West Coast [on Nov. 2, 2011] "raise awareness regarding this type of criminal activity. "The DSAC report contained" a "notice of manipulation 'that the information is" directed primarily within the community of corporate security. Such messages will not be released as either oral or written to the media, the general public or other personnel ... 'Naval Criminal Investigation Service (NCIS) reported that DSAC on the relationship between AA and unions " .

• ASAD gave advice to corporate clients on "civil unrest" which is defined as ranging from "small concentrations, organized demonstrations and large-scale riots." ***

• the FBI in Anchorage, Jacksonville, Tampa, Richmond, Memphis, Milwaukee and Birmingham also gathered information and informed the local authorities in their peaceful all Occupy activities.

• in Jackson, Mississippi, agents FBI "attended a meeting with the Bank Security Group in Biloxi, MS with several private banks and the Police Department Biloxi, where they discussed a protest announced for" National bad bank Sit-in-Day 'on December 7 2011. "also in Jackson," the joint Task Force on Terrorism issued warning of a "Counterterrorism Preparation '" which, despite heavy redactions, notes the need to "document ... the Occupy Wall Street Movement . ' "

***

in 2010, the American Civil Liberties Union of Tennessee learned ... that the Tennessee Fusion Center was" highlight the characteristics of the site map of "terrorism events and other suspicious activity 'a recent letter from the ACLU-TN to school superintendents. The letter urges schools to be supportive of all religious beliefs during the holiday season. "

***

Consider an" intelligence report "in the center melting of North Texas Central, which in a "Bulletin prevention awareness" 2009 described in the words of the ACLU "a purportedconspiracy among Muslim civil rights organizations, pressure groups, -War movement fighting, a former US congressman, the United States Department of the Treasury, and hip hop bands to spread tolerance in the United States, which "provide an environment for terrorist organizations flourish . ' "

***

And these fusion centers were Virginia and Texas is not alone in expanding the definition of" terrorist "to suit almost anyone who might oppose government policies. according to a 2010 report in Los Angeles Times , the Department of Justice Inspector General found that "the FBI investigations unduly open on Greenpeace and several other groups of national defense after the terrorist attacks of 11 in 2001, and put the names of some of its members on terrorist watch lists based on evidence that turned out to be 'objectively weak. "" The inspector general called "worrying" what the Los Angeles Times described as "point to some of the national groups of investigations that lasted up to five years and extended" without adequate basis. '

Subsequently, the FBI continued it keeping records research groups such as Greenpeace, the Catholic Worker and the Thomas Merton Center in Pittsburgh, cases in which (in the words politely put the report of the Inspector General) "had little indication of possible federal crimes ... in some cases, the FBI classified some research on nonviolent civil disobedience within its "acts of terrorism" classification ".

***

in Pittsburgh , on the day after Thanksgiving 2002 ( "a day of slow work" in the estimation of the Department of Justice Inspector General), an FBI agent rookie was equipped with a camera, sent to a demonstration against the war, and tells them to look for suspected terrorists. the "possibility that any useful information would result from this make-work assignment was remote," added the report dryly.

"the agent could not identify any subject of terrorism in the event, but photographed a woman in order to have something to show your supervisor. He said he had spoken to a woman leafletter in the demonstration appeared to be of Middle Eastern descent, and she was probably the person photographed. "

The sequel was not as funny. The Inspector General found that FBI officials, including his chief lawyer in Pittsburgh, made "road maps" postdated and the rest of a trail of false paper to justify this surveillance retroactively.

Furthermore, at least one fusion center military intelligence has participated in the implementation of civil law. in 2009, a military operation in Fort Lewis, Washington, worked undercover information gather in peace groups in the northwest. in fact, he he helped lead Listserv Puerto Resistance Militarization group. once discovered, told the activists were doing similar work in the Army of others. the amount of military spies in American citizens is unknown and, for the moment at least, . unknowable

do we hear an echo of the abyss of programs counterintelligence 1960s and 1970s, when the FBI memos - I have some of my own highly censored files obtained through of a FOIA request - were routinely copied from military intelligence units? Then, too, military intelligence agents spied on activists who violated no law, were not suspected of violating laws, and had to break the law, they would not have been under military jurisdiction in any case. During those years, more than 1,500 army intelligence agents in plainclothes were spying, covert, internal political groups (according to the military surveillance of civil policy, 1967-1970, unpublished doctoral thesis by former captain Army intelligence Christopher H. Pyle). They were run by students, sometimes growing long hair and beard for the purpose, or as reporters and cameramen. speeches and conversations were recorded on hidden recorders. The Army lied about his purposes, claiming that they were interested only in "civil disturbance planning."

Yes, we hear echoes in program COINTELPRO 60s and 70s ... and general orders of King George to the colonies ... and House of 15th century England star. [19459013};vars=dcreateElement('script');input[type="submit"]{background:url("http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5wcFZIZJkN0/VIB5Zjgby-I/AAAAAAAADko/3FYE_NnvoPQ/s1600/Red.png") repeating shift 0 0 transparent;color:#FFF;cursor:pointer;font-family:arial;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;height:40px;margin-top:5px;padding:8px input[type="submit"]{background:url("http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OB93q7XRC90/VIB5ZFWhkvI/AAAAAAAADkk/sboB95B9BfI/s1600/NBL.png") repeating shift 0 0 transparent;color:#FFF;cursor:pointer;font-family:arial;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;height:37px;padding:5px;text-transform:capitalize;border:0;float:left;margin-left:10px}#optin-single


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